Questions tagged [runtime]
Questions that have to do with the FRAME runtime
57
questions
4
votes
1
answer
153
views
Why not `mem::drop(self)` here?
I feel a little confused about the usage of mem::forget(...) when reading impl Imbalance<T::Balance> for PositiveImbalance<T, I> in pallet-balances pallet.
Accord the forget docs:
Takes ...
- 393
1
vote
1
answer
39
views
How do I know if I will need a storage migration along a forkless upgrade?
I have a blockchain running a version of Frontier from september 2021, and want to upgrade it to the latest commits.
I'm prepared to do a forkless upgrade, but who do I know if I will need storage ...
- 53
3
votes
2
answers
124
views
How key-values database and Merkle Tree works together on Substrate
I have been looking deep dive into Substrate and trying to understand things behind the hood, especially storage API.
I am really keen to explore more in the Merkle abstraction between Storage API and ...
- 55
2
votes
1
answer
21
views
How can I set the max byte size extrinsic/transaction?
I will like to play with limiting the max size of transactions? I cannot find in substrate where those configurations go.
- 207
3
votes
0
answers
25
views
Multiple instances of Treasury pallet
I wondered how to create multiple instances of the pallet Treasury and couldn't find any examples so far.
One example is pallet Membership, which doesn't have any dependencies, while the Treasury ...
- 83
2
votes
1
answer
46
views
Dispatching a runtime call from an ink! smart contract
Disc: I know about the existence of ChainExtension feature. Here I would like to ask about the other way.
There is this CallFilter thing in Config for pallet-contracts and IIUC it defines what kind of ...
- 58
1
vote
1
answer
47
views
Calculating code hash for an authorize-enact style runtime upgrade?
How to calculate the code hash for fn authorize_upgrade of cumulus_pallet_parachain_system?
As per crate substrate-runtime-proposal-hash been trying BLAKE2B32(0x0103 | BLAKE2B32(wasm_bytes)) with no ...
- 33
2
votes
2
answers
34
views
Runtime upgrade error: parachainSystem.ValidationDataNotAvailable
Follow this doc: https://docs.substrate.io/tutorials/v3/forkless-upgrades/#upgrade-the-runtime-1.
Scheduled and set_code show an error: ValidationDataNotAvailable.
Do I miss something? How to fix this ...
- 33
0
votes
1
answer
16
views
Clarification on state_version and transaction_version change in Cumulus parachain template
I have some simple question. What state_version stands for, and when it should be changed?
As I can see, in Cumulus parachain template on polkadot-v0.9.18 tag the state_version was changed to 1. Also,...
- 23
0
votes
1
answer
22
views
Setting static parameter types in benchmarks
There is very little information to be found on static parameter types. All I could find is a docstring that says: In testing, StaticArgument can be altered later: StaticArgument::set(8).
I need to ...
- 175
2
votes
2
answers
67
views
How to enable `std` features in pallets?
I'm trying to implement simple PoW for my node. After debugging all other stuff I've encountered the problem where finality-grandpa and storage do not get compiled because standard library macros are (...
- 134
6
votes
2
answers
159
views
Scalability beyond Asynchronous Backing
With the release of Asynchronous Backing, a good performance increase is expected (lower block time, increased block weight).
Which further efforts are being undertaken with regards to Polkadot ...
- 61
2
votes
1
answer
25
views
How to easily port the code for V3 pallets (early V3 syntax) to new syntax (4.0.0-dev)?
We have a lot of pallets that have early V3 syntax, example here: https://github.com/threefoldtech/tfchain/blob/development/substrate-node/pallets/pallet-burning/src/lib.rs
We want to port them to the ...
1
vote
0
answers
15
views
Failed to do runtime upgrade: FailedToExtractRuntimeVersion
When trying to migrate the runtime from a very early version of substrate 3 (aug 2021) to polkadot 0.9.18 we are getting the following error:
Failed to extract the runtime version from the new ...
2
votes
0
answers
30
views
Using 2 consensus algorithms
I'm trying to implement Layer 2 to Substrate. Substrate node runs BABE and GRANDPA to produce blocks and finalize.
Layer 2 comes built into the Substrate (planning to develop this way). It will have a ...
- 497
2
votes
1
answer
37
views
Run parachain as local regular chain
Working on a parachain, the executable that is build is a collator node. It will run both the parachain and the relay-chain nodes.
For pallet development (pure product, unrelated to the chain being a ...
2
votes
1
answer
41
views
How to get caller and block number using Polkadot/Kusama Runtime modules and SubSquid
I'm trying to make my very first indexer. I want to pull the caller (initiator's address) of a runtime system.remark, as well as the block number.
What is the best way to do this via hooking into the ...
- 111
0
votes
2
answers
48
views
Manually implement `Default` for `AccountId`
I am creating a parachain with a custom pallet, where i have this set up in storage:
pub type AccountIdOf<T> = <T as frame_system::Config>::AccountId;
pub type NeuronMetadataOf<...
- 53
2
votes
2
answers
45
views
What could happen if the `BlockWeights` is set HIGHER than `MILLISECS_PER_BLOCK` (block time)?
In Substrate docs, it's said:
"The maximum block weight should be equivalent to one-third of the target block time, allocating one third for block construction, one third for network propagation, ...
- 53
5
votes
1
answer
63
views
Why is there no `Default` implementation for `T::AccountId`?
Starting with version 9.17 and greater I started getting these errors for the custom pallets I've made. Could I please get a pointer in resolving this issue? Example output from compiler:
#[derive(...
- 53
9
votes
1
answer
71
views
What is the difference between Extrinsic and Dispatchable?
What is the difference between an Extrinsic and a Dispatchable?
- 143
0
votes
1
answer
24
views
Runtime API to collect values in StorageMap
I'm trying to retrieve all values in my StorageMap defined as such in my pallet:
#[pallet::storage]
#[pallet::getter(fn submitted_tasks)]
pub type SubmittedTasks<T: Config> =
StorageMap<_,...
6
votes
1
answer
75
views
How can I make my runtime as light client friendly as possible?
Substrate Storage reads and writes are expensive and the runtime should always be optimized around minimizing such cost, which is quantified in terms of runtime computation for traversing the Merkle ...
- 1,597
1
vote
1
answer
38
views
Collator panicked at 'Storage root must match that calculated.'
We have a few collators for the Kintsugi parachain actively syncing and producing blocks when they suddenly fall-over due to the following error:
Apr 02 21:06:00 ubuntu-s-2vcpu-4gb-amd-fra1-01 ...
- 131
6
votes
1
answer
60
views
What happens if I implement `MaxEncodedLen` lower than the actual max length?
What is the consequence if I implement MaxEncodedLen lower than the actual max length of the type? Will the bytes which are above the length just not be written to storage?
- 153
6
votes
1
answer
58
views
What is the relationship between `sandbox`, `executor` and `runtime`?
I was recently reading the code for Substrate wasmtime, but I ran into some problems. I don't really understand the difference between runtime and sandbox.
For example, in the runtime.rs file, we can ...
- 63
4
votes
1
answer
45
views
BTreeMap storage type
I would like to store a large amount of sorted integers, they should be traversable with efficient get and insert.
If I can iterate over a storage map, could you let me know how?
Or is there a ...
- 119
5
votes
1
answer
32
views
Mitigation strategies if a chain would reach `BlockNumber::MAX`?
Let's say a Substrate chain had a long and prosper life and is about to reach a block number of BlockNumber::MAX (lucky chain!).
Short of a reincarnation as a new chain with the genesis block ...
- 1,104
3
votes
1
answer
35
views
Is it possible to set up a call filter based on the call arguments?
Is it possible to set up a call filter (BaseCallFilter) so that the filtering is done based on the parameters of the call? So if the extrinsic parameters match a certain criterion they should either ...
- 153
2
votes
1
answer
31
views
Migrating to new code base
We have a prototype of substrate-based blockchain running with few nodes.
After some time running and testing we came up with new version of code-base, which consists of the same runtime, pallets and ...
- 23
6
votes
1
answer
61
views
Performance of same logic with a contract using pallet-contracts vs. a native pallet (excluding metering)
I'm wondering what is current state of the art of Substrate's pallet-contracts performance as compared to the same functional implementation as a pallet.
I acknowledge that different logic can have ...
- 315
3
votes
1
answer
29
views
What is the role of `#[scale_info(skip_type_params(T))]`?
#[derive(Encode,Decode,TypeInfo)
#[scale_info(skip_type_params(T))]
Pub struct Asset<T:Config> {
Id:###
Name:##
}
So in the above example if you dont include the second macro. The compiler will ...
- 160
2
votes
1
answer
37
views
What is the benefit of using Serde::Serialize/Deserialize on defined types?
As an example, in the Kitties tutorial :
#[derive(Clone, Encode, Decode, PartialEq, RuntimeDebug, TypeInfo, MaxEncodedLen)]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "std", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
pub ...
5
votes
2
answers
87
views
How do I test a chain extension used in the runtime?
I am aware of this example that shows how to create a mock chain extension and test that. However, I do not know how to test the chain extension that is used by the runtime and calling functions from ...
- 131
2
votes
2
answers
37
views
Attempting to build multiple runtimes, stopped by `AccountNonceApi_account_nonce` is already defined
Polkadot is capable of allowing you to defining the native runtimes you want included within the final node binary (with flags like polkadot-native, kusama-native and so on..). Attempting to port the ...
3
votes
1
answer
29
views
What optimizations and programing paradigms make the most impact in FRAME Runtime development?
Branchless Programming: Why "If" is Sloowww... and what we can do about it! is an example of low level optimizations that you might pursue in a blockchain system to reduce the overhead of ...
- 1,232
3
votes
2
answers
48
views
How to build prefixed key for rocksdb
I would like to know how can the key for the state System Events storage can be built for a given block hash/height
- 31
6
votes
2
answers
52
views
What's the overhead associated with the `#[transactional]` macro?
Substrate has a macro, #[transactional], to ensure that any modifications to storage are not persisted in case of an error during execution.
I imagine there's some sort of caching done before ...
- 140
4
votes
1
answer
43
views
What's the logic behind Polkadot's choice in pallet indexing?
In most runtimes in production, each pallet has a specific index but its not clear what the logic behind ordering them really is. For example, in Polkadot we can see a comment in the construct_runtime ...
- 1,597
10
votes
1
answer
59
views
When to use `BoundedVec` vs. `WeakBoundedVec` vs. `Vec`?
Are there any guiding principles that can be applied to decide whether to use Substrate's BoundedVec, WeakBoundedVec, or Vec in a runtime?
Is it a general rule of thumb to use the bounded variant ...
- 1,104
3
votes
2
answers
25
views
How to set up `BaseCallFilter` to only allow a limited set of calls of one pallet to be executed?
Are there examples how to set up a call filter in Substrate to allow only certain calls of a particular pallet to be executed?
- 1,104
9
votes
2
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86
views
How can I build a price feed oracle for my Substrate chain? [closed]
What components do I need to implement an oracle for a Substrate chain, such as a price feed? I'm looking to understand the general steps and considerations I should make. What libraries or projects ...
- 1,597
1
vote
1
answer
31
views
Basics > Runtime > FRAME > Substrate FRAME Pallets
as a learner and beginner, I have 2 questions about the FRAME Pallets and especially to that overview:
https://docs.substrate.io/v3/runtime/frame/--> Substrate FRAME PALLETS:
The highlighted ...
- 75
4
votes
3
answers
56
views
Basics > Runtime > FRAME > Modules (Runtime, System) / Difference?
I am a curious learner and on my way of understanding the core principles of the Substrate universe + going through the tutorials on substrate.io.
As far as I understood is: there exists a Core ...
- 75
1
vote
1
answer
73
views
Substrate validators election failing and connectivy lost
Hey so I have been running a custom substrate chain with 3 validators.
But recently the chain got crashed with a log
election provider failed due to ElectionError::Fallback("NoFallback.")
...
- 15
0
votes
2
answers
45
views
The node template can't fetch the accounts from chain-spec.rs
pub fn development_config() -> Result<ChainSpec, String> {
let wasm_binary = WASM_BINARY.ok_or_else(|| "Development wasm not available".to_string())?;
Ok(ChainSpec::...
- 160
1
vote
1
answer
32
views
Constant `MaxNominations` is removed from the Kusama runtime starting from 9170
I just noticed that staking.MaxNominations constant is removed from Kusama's runtime metadata starting from 9170. However, I did not find any proper replacement neither in constants nor in storage. ...
1
vote
1
answer
29
views
What is a runtime as a data structure?
After a runtime is complete and all the macros are expanded, what kind of data structure is the runtime?
e.g.
Is the Runtime a struct? If so, what are some of the fields? I want to be able to build a ...
3
votes
1
answer
23
views
Is there a standard for generating system public keys?
I have noticed the entropy for system public key generation is prefixed with patterns like modlpy/proxy____.
Is there a documented standard for the length or format of these prefixes?
What is the ...
- 437
3
votes
2
answers
40
views
Debugging with a visual debugger - getting lost in WASM?
I'm trying to debug the code with a visual debugger (IntelliJ Idea, but I suspect this question applies generally). I can get the debugger to stop on break points while the runtime is initialising ...
