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Account A deploys Contract A. Account A then calls Contract B function register, passing the address of Contract A. Is it possible to prove that Account A deployed Contract A from within the register function of Contract B without implementing some kind of proof of deployment function in Contract A?

Contract A

Deployed by Account A. The contract contains no record of Account A in storage.

Contract B

Account A then calls this function passing the Contract A address.

pub fn register(
    &mut self,
    dapp_account: AccountId,
) -> Result<(), Error> {
    let caller = self.env().caller();

    // check that the dapp_account is a contract
    if !self.env().is_contract(&dapp_account) {
         return Err(Error::InvalidContract);
    }

    // prove that the caller deployed `dapp_account`
    // ?? check the contracts.instantiateWithCode extrinsic plus a merkle trie proof of the block inclusion on-chain?

I'm assuming this would require the contract instantiate extrinsic, a proof of the extrinsic being in a block, and a proof of the block being on-chain.

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In the contract_pallet there is a mapping between the code hash and the owner of the contract. (see the code).

#[pallet::storage]
pub(crate) type OwnerInfoOf<T: Config> = StorageMap<_, Identity, CodeHash<T>, OwnerInfo<T>>;

But I see that what you have is not the hash, is the account ID of the contract, then you will have to query first the ContractInfoOf which is a mapping between the contract accountId and the contract info (which includes the code hash)

#[pallet::storage]
pub(crate) type ContractInfoOf<T: Config> =
    StorageMap<_, Twox64Concat, T::AccountId, ContractInfo<T>>;

Is possible to interact with the runtime from a ink! smart contract with chain extensions, see this previous StackExchange answers that has some examples of how to achieve that:

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